Signal Words - signals from the writer to the reader

One way the writer helps the reader to follow along is through the use of signal words.  These are small words, not related to the topic, that alert the reader to the following:

• Are there several points?  How many?
• Is the writer changing topics?
• Is the writer giving an opposing point of view?
• Is the information presented in chronological order?
• Does one part of the information cause the other, or vice versa?
• Is the author comparing and/or contrasting information?

Here are some examples of signal words:

• Multiple points:  numerals, first, second, next, then, last, finally
• Opposing points of view:  but, on the other hand, conversely
• Chronological order:  in order, first, second, then, finally
• Cause and effect: as a result of, caused by, resulting in,
• Compare/contrast:  likewise, similarly, the opposite, in contrast, on the other hand

Of course there are many other words, these are just a few examples to give you the idea.  Just keep in mind that the writer is choosing words carefully to help you, the reader, understand his or her ideas.  Your job as the reader is to be aware of signal words and watch for them as you read.